GG KNOWLEDGE POINT

  Method of personality Measurements. 

 The psychoanalytic theory of personality was formulated by Sigmund Freud (1858–1939).  This theory is based on some preconceptions about human nature.  Human behavior is determined by external factors and such behaviors are indiscriminate, unchangeable, isotropic and knowable.  Human nature is influenced in a general way by preconceptions like perfection, body formation and non-alignment.  Freud has explained them with the following classification ---  Psychoanalytic Theory -  1.  Personality Structure ---  (A) Morphological model.  > 1 conscious 2 semi subconscious 3 subconscious  (B) Dynamic model or structural model.> 1.  Upah (Id) 2.  Ego 3.  Paraham  2 Personality dynamics -  (A) Origin.  > 1 Life Origin 2.  Death cycle  (B) Worry.  > 1. Real concern 2.  Neurological anxiety3.  Moral concern  (C) Ego defensive process.  > 1 suppression 2 rationaliz...

  Symptoms of Duchenne disease -- -   A muscle that grows over time is a disease of muscle weakness called muscles malignancy.  It is commonly found in boys and also goes from one generation to another.  1.  Slow growth or low learning ability.  2.  Unusual walking, difficulty standing, muscle weakness, muscle loss or permanent shortening of muscles. 3.  Tiredness, trouble swallowing, frequent falls etc.  Treatment - It is incurable, but medicines like physical therapy and corticosteroids can help control symptoms and improve life.

  Yung's theory - Yung was an associate of Freud but gave different views than Freud.  He used the term mana for personality.  It is such an entirety that includes all kinds of thinking, emotional, conscious and unconscious processes.  Structure - (1) Conscious and ego (2) Unconscious (A) Individual (B) Group or transcendental B - 1) Persona  (B-2) anima and animus (B-3) shadow  (3) Prototype (4) Attitude and function  (A) Attitude (B) Function  (A-1) introverted (B-1) sensing  (A-2) extrovert (B-2) thinking  (B-3) rate  (B-6) intuition  (5) Psychological type  (A) extroverted mind type (B) extroverted sense type (C) extroverted sensory type  (D) extroverted intuition type (Y) introverted thinking type (R) introverted emotion type  (L) introverted sensory type (and) introverted intuition type  Dynamics of Personality - (1) Law of Antonyms (2) Law of Equilibrium (3) Law of Entropy  Development of persona...

  Anima and animus - A man is a bisexual creature.   The sex of which is in excess and the sex of which hormones are more secreted in it, it becomes the same.   Sometimes due to some circumstances, the hormones of the opposite sex in women and men start to consume more quantity, then in such a situation, there is a situation of anima and animas - such as - with the excess of feminine (feminine qualities) in men.  --- Anima More than the element of masculinity in women --- animus  4

  The law of entropy - This law is based on the second law of thermodynamics of physics which states that when hot water and cold water are kept close, both elements are affected until both are formed.  This rule is used by Yung in his personality theory.

  Mental duality or Mental conflict - When a person encounters some such problems in his environment in which he is asked to choose one of his desires and needs. Then a state of mental duality arises.  According to Douglas and Holland - "Duality (conflict) means the painful emotional state arising as a result of tension in opposing and opposite desires."  "Conflict means a painful emotional state, which results from a tension between opposing and contradictory wishes."  - DOUGLAS AND HOLLAND  According to Crow Crow - "Conflicts occur when a person encounters forces in his environment that act against his own interests and desires."  "Conflict arises when an individual is faced with forces in his environment that act in opposite to his own interests and desires."  - CROW & CROW  According to Freud - "The lack of harmony between Id, Aham and Param leads to mental duality."  Mental Conflict is caused by the lack of adjustment between ...

  Bhagnasha or Frustration - Bhagnasha or frustration is the mental state and emotional state of a person that arises when faced with many obstacles and conflicting choices.  According to Kolsnik - "Destiny is the feeling of being blocked or unfruitful in the fulfillment of that need or the attainment of the goal, which the person considers important."  Frustration is the feeling of being blocked or thwarted in satisfying a need or attaining a goal that the individual perceives as significant. "-KOLESNIK  According to Good - "Bhagnasha means - the tension arising from the obstruction of one's desire or needs."  Frustration means emotional tension resulting from the blocking of a desire or need. "--GOOD

  Ego defensive process - Sigmund Freud gave the idea of ​​ego defensive process but its list was completed by his daughter Anna Freud and other neo-Freudians.  In relation to this, he told ---  1-Ego defensive process EGO knows to avoid worries.  2- All defensive processes operate on a subliminal level.  Hence they are self-confusing.  3-Such defensive processes distort the manifestation of reality as a result of which the nature of anxiety becomes less threatening to the person.   The main demonic processes are as follows -   Suppressive obliteration phenomenon   Rationalization - Finding a tactic.  Like - grapes are sour.   Reaction Formation - By developing the desire or motivation contrary to desire or motivation.  For example, after eating hundred mice, the cat went to Haj.  Or Ram in the mouth, next to the knife.   Regression - move backward.  Like - to force older people to look young.   Projectio...

  Methods of Personality Measurement - Methods of personality measurement are mainly divided into three types --- 1. - Advanced methods   1 observation  2 interview    3 life history  / 3 fulfillment technique 2 - Objective methods                                                                1 assessment scale.                                                                                      2 detailed or questionnaire                                            ...

  What is Tact?  The term learning has been used in the theory of learning propounded by Skinner, which means the observation or description of any object, creature, etc. in the same form or name that it is actually -.  Like, seeing an elephant and addressing it by the name Elephant.  The term was used to refer to reactions given by young children.

  Structuralist sect of Education - The originator of this sect is the German psychologist William Wunt and the English psychologist Edward Bradford Tichner (E. B. Tichner).  According to William Wunt's structuralist theory, mental elements have an important role in human consciousness.  This theory emphasizes the use of scientific method.  William Wunt founded the first laboratory of psychology in 189 in the city of Leipzig, Germany.

  Gestaltist Theory - This theory is also known as Consanguinity and Elementalism.  It was performed by German psychologists Max Verdimer, Köhler, and Kofka.  According to this community, a person makes an object's manifestation in its entirety and accepts it in its entirety. The teaching method "from the absolute to the fraction" is the result of this community.

  Psychoanalytic sect - The originator of psychoanalytic cult is Sigmund Freud of Austria.  This community emphasized on child-centered education.  This sect has included conscious, semi-conscious and unconscious behavior in the concept of behavior and has described the personality of the person with three factors ie, aham and paramahan.  In the psychoanalytic community, behavioral factors and personality factors have also given important place.  The dream analysis method is the product of such a cult.  The psychoanalytic cult is an important sect of personality psychology.

  Puritanistic school  - The Puritanistic community is also known as the Pracharya sect.  It was started in England by William MacDougall.  Self-respect was given importance by this sect.  According to this sect, there is a purpose behind all actions.

  Behavioralist Community - This community was started in America by John Brad Watson (J.B .Watson).  This ideology is based on the results of the trials of the Russian psychologist Ivan Petravik Pavlov (E.P .Pavlov).  According to the behavioral sect, the aim of psychology is to explain, control and predict human behavior.

  Some important words of psychology -  1.  Education - The word education is a Sanskrit word made from metal.  2.  The term Psychology - Psychology originated from the Greek word Psychology.  Which literally means -psych (soul) + logas (science).  That is, the science of the soul.  3.  Education - This word originated from the word educare, it is a Latin language word which means to raise and educate.  4. Adolescence This is an English translation of the Hindi-language adolescent that originated from the Latin Adolshier word.  Which means growth.  5.  Personality - It is known in Hindi as a personality known in Latin as Persona which means mask, acting or dramatic dress.   6. Habit-  It is known as Habit in Hindi and Habits in Latin.  It means acquiring something.

  Meaning of Infancy  -   Infancy is   the ideal period of learning, this period is called the cornerstone of future life.  This is an important period of life.  It is a learning curve by simulation, in this phase physical development takes place rapidly. It is a state of momentary momentum.  Infancy is called the golden period in terms of proper emotional development.  This stage includes the stage from birth to five years. Definition of   Infancy  Stang - "In the first two years of life the child lays the foundation of his future life." According to Ross - "The infant is the hero of the imagination, so his directing is required." According to Adler - "Shortly after the birth of an infant it can be determined what its place is in the future." According to Watson - "The extent and intensity of learning in infancy is much greater than in other stages of development."                  ...

  Meaning and definitions of childhood - Childhood is a gross operational state.  This is called a unique period.  The condition is between six years and twelve years.  It is said to be the foundation of the success and failure of future life.  It is also called the time of primary school age as children are prepared for schooling during this time.  Childhood is also considered a stage of conceptual action.  In this, the child learns to live in team and group.  In this stage he also learns to play with other boys.  It also eats the period of matthya maturity.  Childhood is called the period of the child's imaginations and the beginning of abstract thinking.  Childhood is also considered a period of rapid physical activity enhancement.  Therefore, it is also called the golden period in the growth of development of new skills and abilities. According to Ross - "Childhood is called the period of matthya or pseudo-maturity." Accor...

  Stages of development according to Kalsnik -   (A) From conception to birth - pregnancy (B) Infancy - (from birth to three weeks). (C) Early infancy (from 1 month to 15 months).  (D) Answer Infancy (15 months to 30 months).  (E) Former childhood (2.5 years to 5 years). (F) Middle childhood (5 years to 9 years) (G) Post-childhood (9 years to 12 years) (E) Adolescence (12 to 21 years)

  Adolescence meaning and definition - adolescence is a state of happiness and achievements more than all the states.  It is also called Age of Beauty.  This is the most difficult period of life.  This is the final stage that leads the child to maturity.  It is a state of abstract thinking, it is also called a state of devotion.  In this stage, teenagers are seen to have strange behavior. They are surrounded by complications. In this, teenagers between the age of thirteen (EIGHTEEN) are kept and hence it is called Teen Age.  It is also called the spring season of life.  In this, teenagers learn to behave in society, think logically and befriend.  Therefore, it is also called a state of emotional change.  It is also known as the transition period. According to Ross sir - "Adolescence is a recurrence of infancy." According to Stanley Hall - "Adolescence is a period of intense pressure, tension, storms and conflict."  According to Va...

  Different theories of learning - Different theories of learning  have been interpreted by different psychologists - 1.   Stimulation Response Theory - Edward Lee Thorndike  2.  Optimized Response Theory - Ivan Ivan Petrovic Pavlov 3.  Learning by Insight - Kohler Kofka Verdimer 4.  Principle of Verb Perturbation - Buyers Frederick Skinner 5.  Principle of reinforcement - CL solution 6.  Natural Condition Theory of Learning - Kurt Lewin 7. Latent learning theory - Edward Tolman 8.  Principle of lexical learning - asubel 9.  Substitute Principle - Edwin Guthrie 10.  Social Learning Theory - Albert Bandura 11.  Theory of exploration - Jerome S. Bruner 12.  Learning Geometry Theory - Robert Gayne 13.  Learning by simulation - Hagrit

Try and forget theory - This theory is also known as stimulus response theory, bonding theory of learning, S-R theory and theory of frequency.  It was rendered by Edward Lee Thorndike, an American psychologist.  In this he did experiments on cats.  And emphasized learning through practice.  He said that through practice, a person is made skilled in any task.  Emphasis is placed on learning by resolving errors in it.  This method helps in learning mathematics and science subjects.  It is a very popular method of psychology which has been proved useful for education.

  Growth means -  Growth has a deep relation with maturity, due to the effect of heredity, the biological change that happens in a creature is called Vardhan or maturity.  Growth is a change in body size, length and weight of a person.  Vardhan can be inspected and measured.  Its form is structural.  Such as the measurement of the length of a child, or the measurement of weight. The meaning of development - Development is a process going on throughout the life of a person.  Through this, there is a sense of various changes that are possible within the animal, which is possible to measure quantitatively, as well as changes that are not possible to measure quantitatively. The sequence of changes that occur in the full life span of a creature is called evolution  .  Development is functional, so its measurement is not possible; it goes on from birth to death.  Such as mental development, social development, moral development, emotio...

  According to Ross stages of development - Ross has given four stages of development which are as follows -  1 .  Childhood period - 1 to 3 years 2.  Early childhood / pre-childhood - 3 to 4 years 3.  Answer: Childhood - 4 to 12 years 4.  Adolescence - 12 to 14 years

  According to Ernest Jones stages of development - Ernest Jones has given four stages of development - 1.   Infancy - 5 or 4 years from birth 2.  Childhood period - 7 to 12 years 3.  Adolescence - 12 to 14 years 4.  Old Age - After 14 years

  According to Hurlak, the stages of development - Harlock has divided the 11 stages of human life, which are mentioned as follows 1.  Prenatal stage - from pregnancy to birth 2.  Infancy - from birth to the end of the second week 3.  Vatsavastha - from the end of the second week to the end of 2 years 4.  Pre-childhood - 2 years to 4 years 5.  Answer: Childhood - 4 to 10 or 12 years 6.  Puberty or Pregnancy - 10 or 12 to 13 or 14 years 7.  Pre-adolescence - 13 or 14 to 14 years 8.  Answer: Adolescence - 14 to 21 years  9.Pre-mature age - 21 to 40 years  10.  Middle age - 60 to 60 years 11.  Old age or at the age of 60 to death

  Salient features of childhood-  childhood is considered to be a state between birth and 2 years, it is a sensory state in which the child lays the foundation of his future life.  In this, he learns to operate his hands, feet, eyes etc.  Some of its features are as follows. 1 .  Childhood is called the ideal period of life. 2.  It is celebrated as the cornerstone of life. 3.  It is a state of social smile. 4.  Infancy is said to be the most important period of life.  5.  In this state, physical development takes place at a very rapid pace. 6.This is a state of momentary momentum. 7.Atthis stage, the infant learns by following 8.The childhood is a golden period in terms of proper interactive development.

 राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 2020 - राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति भारतीय शिक्षा को बेहतर बनाने के लिए एक नीति है, जिसका उपयोग भारत में प्राथमिक, माध्यमिक और उच्च स्तर की शिक्षा में सुधार के लिए किया जाएगा।  पी एम मोदी (राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 2020) के अनुसार एक नए भारत की नीव रखेंगे-  एनईपी का उद्देश्य सेक्टर की मंशा और सामग्री को बदलना है।  राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति में शिक्षक प्रशिक्षण पर जोर दिया गया है।  एनईपी सीखने के वरदान के लिए स्कूल बैग के बोझ को स्थानांतरित करने पर केंद्रित है।  एनईपी का उद्देश्य शिक्षा क्षेत्र की मंशा और सामग्री को बदलना है।  एनईपी का लक्ष्य राष्ट्रीय लक्ष्यों पर ध्यान केंद्रित करते हुए युवाओं को "भविष्य के लिए तैयार" करना है।  राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति "स्थानीय" को "ग्लोब" के साथ एकीकृत करने पर केंद्रित है।  एनईपी का लक्ष्य "क्या सोचना है" से "कैसे सोचना है" पर ध्यान केंद्रित करना है।  उच्च शिक्षा संस्थानों को स्वायत्तता के माध्यम से सशक्त बनाने की आवश्यकता है।  ये राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 2020 के कुछ मुख्य अंश हैं।

The meaning of child development - Child development is a branch of psychology in which all the changes that occur from a person's prenatal to maturity are explained.  This includes all types of studies of human behavior and its physical, mental, etc.   Definition of Child Development - According to Crowe and Crowe - " Child psychology is the scientific study that studies the development of a person from the beginning of pregnancy to the early stages of adolescence." Usefulness and importance of the subject of child development - Child development helps in creating a suitable environment for children.  It is a science to understand the nature of children, child learning process starts in a few days after birth, so child development proves to be helpful in their learning process.  The study of child development helps parents, teachers, force reformers and child directors in the development, direction and upbringing of children.  This can improve and control the ...

    Factors affecting child development - Factors affecting child development are as follows.  1.  family  2.  school  3.  Inheritance  4.  atmosphere  5.  Nutrition 6. Home environment 7. Neighborhood 8.  Endocrine glands 9. Gender differences  10.  The species  11.  Cultural environment

    Principles of growth and development - The principles of growth and development are as follows -  1.  Development is the same for all.  2.  Development takes place from general to specific processes.  3.  The pace of development varies.  4.  The process of development is continuous.  5.  Development moves from inclusiveness to differentiation.  6. There is correlation in development.  7. There is a difference in the growth rates of women and men.  8. The action of growth and development is the combined result of inheritance and environment.  9. The trend of development ranges from dependence to autonomy.  10.  Growth is circular.  11.  The growth takes place in the order of Mastikadhomukhi.  12.  Development takes place from near to far.  13.  Development takes place from top to bottom.  14.  Development takes place outside the middle.  15.  Ea...

  Physical development of a child•   physical development of a child varies in each of its stages.  A newborn baby changes to a fully developed form in four to five years.  A four-month-old boy is of 23 '- 24' 'and in a year he has a length of up to 24' '- 30' '.  It becomes twice its birth weight.  A one-year-old baby attains three times its birth weight.  At birth, the head area of ​​the newborn baby is 21% compared to its body area.  Whereas at the age of 5 years it remains only 13% and with increasing age, the body size becomes more than that of the head.  At this time the baby's bones are very soft, soft, spongy and flexible.  Their temporary teeth start coming out after 6-8 months.  By the age of three, about 20 temporary teeth come out.   In pre-childhood (2–4 years), it grows every year at a rate of 6-9 cm.  A 5-year-old boy doubles the length of his birth time, at this time, the length of the child is 35 to 40 inc...

  PRINCIPLES OF MOTIVATION  There are some theories related to motivation .  1. S R THEORY - E . L. THORNDIKE  2. PHYSIOLOGICAL THEORIES 3. INSTINCT THEORY - WILLIAM MC- DOUGALL  4. PSYCHOANALYSIS THEORY - FRUED  5. VOLUNTARY THEORY  6. LEWIN"S THEORY -KURT LEWIN 

DEFINATIONS OF MOTIVATION   - Motivation means vitalized effort  . It fires the imagination , it arouses and taps hidden and undreamed sources of intellectual energy  ,it impassions the heart , it releases the flood -gates of determination ,ambition and purpose ,  it inspires in the child the will to do ,to overcome .       "Motivation is a process in which the learner energies or needs are directed towards various good object in his environment ."     BLAIR ,JONES AND SIMPSON  "Motivation is a process of arousing action sustaining the activities in progress and regulating the pattern of activity."         P.T.YOUNG  "Motivation is a process of arousing, sustaining and regulating activity."        GOOD "Motivation may be defined more formally as  a psychological or internal process initiated for some need which leads to any activity which will satisfy that need ."  LAV...

बालक का शारीरिक विकास   बालक का शारीरिक विकास उसकी प्रत्येक अवस्था में भिन्न होता है।  एक नवजात शिशु चार से पांच वर्ष में एक पूर्ण विकसित स्वरुप में परिवर्तित होता है। चार माह का बालक २३'' - २४'' तथा एक वर्ष े में २८ ''-३०'' तक की लम्बाई का हो जाता है।  यह अपने जन्म के भार का दुगना हो जाता है। एक वर्ष का शिशु जन्म के भार का तिगुना वजन प्राप्त कर  लेता है। जन्म के समय नवजात शिशु के शरीर के  क्षेत्रफल की अपेक्षा उसके  सिर का क्षेत्रफल २१%होता है। जबकि ५ वर्ष की अवस्था में यह केवल १३% ही रह जाता है और आयु बढ़ने के साथ -साथ सर की अपेक्षा शरीर का आकार अधिक हो जाता है। इस समय शिशु की हड्डियां बहुत ही कोमल ,मुलायम ,स्पंजी और लचीली होती हैं।  उनके अस्थाई दांत ६-८ माह बाद निकलना प्रारम्भ हो जाता है। तीन वर्ष की आयु तक लगभग २० अस्थाई दांत निकल आते हैं।  पूर्व बाल्यावस्था (२-६ वर्ष )में ७.-८ सेंमी की दर से हर साल बढ़ती है। ५ वर्ष का बालक अपने जन्म समय की लम्बाई का दुगुना हो जाता है ,इस समय बालक की लम्बाई ३५ से ४० इंच तथा भार में ३-५ पौंड की वृद्...